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It consists of over 3,500 items, amounting to a total of 5. The hoard was most likely deposited in the 7th century, and contains artefacts probably manufactured during the 6th and 7th centuries. It was discovered in 2009 in a field near the village of , near , in ,. The location was in the of at the time of the hoard's deposition. The hoard is of considerable importance in. The artefacts are nearly all martial in character and contain no objects specific to female uses. The average quality of the workmanship is extremely high and especially remarkable in view of the large number of individual objects, such as and a , from which the elements in the hoard came. The hoard was purchased jointly by the and the for £3. The hoard consists of approximately 3,500 pieces, comprising up to 5. Most of the items in the hoard appear to be military, and there are no domestic objects, such as vessels or eating utensils, or feminine jewellery, which are the more common Anglo-Saxon gold finds. There is broad agreement that the typical object in the hoard was made in the 7th century, with the date of the deposition of the hoard of course post-dating the manufacture of the it includes. Along with other discoveries, examination of the hoard showed Saxon goldsmiths were able to alter the surface of the gold by to give the appearance of a higher gold content, a technique not previously credited to them. A summary of the preliminary contents of the hoard, as of late 2009, is shown in the table below. This excludes items such as the gold horse's head that were in one of the 33 soil blocks that had not been examined at the time of publication of these figures. Summary of items found Description Gold Silver Base metal Composite metals Stone or glass Uncertain Total Appliqué 1 1 Bead 1 1 Boss 6 1 7 Brooch 1 1 Buckle and plate 2 2 Button 1 1 Cross 5 5 Dome 1 1 Edging 11 69 6 1 87 Fish 1 1 Fitting 35 11 3 4 53 Foil 16 16 Fragment 79 177 29 19 4 7 315 Garnet 26 26 Glass gem 1 1 Mount 15 4 19 Panel 3 3 Pin 2 5 7 Plate 58 13 1 1 1 74 Ring 12 1 13 Rivet 27 29 5 4 65 Setting 2 1 3 Sheet metal 36 233 12 3 2 286 Slag 2 2 Snake 5 5 Spillage 1 1 Stone 1 1 Strip 94 102 5 1 1 203 Stud 9 3 1 13 Sword hilt plate or fitting 178 29 8 1 1 217 Sword pommel 69 10 5 2 86 Sword pyramid 8 1 1 10 Sword scabbard loop 1 1 Wire 34 13 1 1 49 Unidentified 2 4 1 2 1 8 18 Total 712 707 78 39 36 22 1,594 Weaponry Sword fitting with The contents include many finely worked silver and gold sword decorations removed from weaponry, including 66 gold collars and many gold hilt plates, some with of in designs see lead picture. The 86 found constitute the largest ever discovery of pommels in a single context, with many different types some previously unknown supporting the idea that the pommels were manufactured over a wide range of time. Crosses The Staffordshire Hoard official press statement notes that the only items in the hoard that are obviously non-martial are two or possibly three crosses. Sharp 2016 has shown there are possibly many pieces with a Christian connection and the hoard is both a mixture of many Christian and non-martial items. The largest of the three crosses is missing some decorative settings yet some are present but detached but otherwise remains intact, and it may have been an or. It could also have been attached to the front of a book, such as a Gospel. An alternative view is the sacredness was taken out of this cross, and other Christian pieces before burial. A gold and garnet fitting, made for the corner of a flat rectangular object, may be for the corner of a book-cover, which in this context would almost certainly have been a Gospel. The passage is quoted fairly often, notably in the Life of the Mercian d. The parallel verse from , verse 2, occurs when Guthlac is driving away demons who appeared to him in a vision. Sharp 2016 has suggested the inscription shows angst in the face of a great threat and this could only have been the Viking invasion. The incised strip appears to be the stem of a cross and this indicates a Viking threat to a church. Paleographically, the inscription most likely dates to the 8th century, with the late 7th or early 9th not to be ruled out. The closest parallel to the script used is the inscription in the lead plate from Flixborough, dated to the 8th or 9th century. The gold strip may have been originally fastened to a shield or a sword belt, or alternatively, it may have been part of the arm of a cross; a round jewel would have been fitted to the terminal end, and the other end would have fitted into the central fitting of the cross. The quality of the artefacts buried in the hoard is very high. Most of the gold and silver items appear to have been intentionally removed from the objects they were previously attached to. Brooks 2010 associates the predominantly warlike character of the artefacts in the hoard with the custom of giving war-gear as to the king upon the death of one of his noblemen. The removal of the sword pommel caps finds a parallel in which mentions warriors stripping the pommels of their enemies' swords. Sharp 2016 connects the deposition of the Hoard with the Viking attack on Lichfield in 875 and postulates its loss at the same time as the removal of the from Lichfield into the Welsh area of Mercia. Gold artefacts were discovered by Terry Herbert on 5 July 2009, when he was searching an area of recently ploughed farmland near , , with a. Over the next five days, 244 gold objects were recovered from the soil. At this point Herbert contacted Duncan Slarke, the Finds Liaison Officer for the Staffordshire and West Midlands. The landowner Fred Johnson granted permission for an to search for the rest of the hoard. Ploughing had scattered the artefacts, so an area 9 by 13 metres 30 by 43 ft was excavated in the search. Because of the importance of the find, the exact site of the hoard was initially kept secret. A survey of the field in which the hoard was found discovered what could be a ditch close to the find. Although excavations revealed no dating evidence for the feature, further investigation is planned. In total over 3,500 pieces were recovered. A final geophysical survey using specialist equipment provided by the did not suggest any further artefacts remained to be found. Cheek piece from a helmet The discovery was publicly announced on 24 September 2009, attracting worldwide attention. An official website set up to showcase finds from the Hoard received over 10 million views in the first week after the announcement. Whilst Birmingham Archaeology continued to process the find, items from the Hoard were displayed at the until 13 October 2009, attracting 40,000 people. Andrew Haigh, the for South Staffordshire, declared the hoard to be , and therefore property of. Key items and numerous smaller pieces were then taken to the , London, where cataloguing, and some initial cleaning and conservation work commenced. As of 24 September 2009, 1,381 objects had been recovered, of which 864 have a mass of less than 3 grams 0. Early analysis established that the hoard was not associated with a burial. According to Staffordshire county archaeologist Stephen Dean, there is no more gold or treasure to recover from the site, and the aim of the new excavation is to look for dating and environmental evidence. Archaeologists hope to be able to use this evidence to determine what the landscape looked like at the time that the hoard was deposited. The finds were made in November 2012 when archaeologists and metal detectorists from Archaeology Warwickshire, working for and , visited the field after it had been ploughed. Many of the pieces are less than 1 gram 0. These additional pieces are believed to be part of the original hoard. In January 2013, 81 of the 91 items were declared at a coroner's inquest, and, after they have been valued by the , Staffordshire County Council will have an opportunity to purchase the items so that they can be reunited with the rest of the hoard. Although these items were found by archaeologists, the money raised by their sale will be shared between Herbert and Johnson as they were responsible for the original discovery of the hoard. The ten items not declared treasure were identified as modern waste material. Kevin Leahy of the British Museum has stated that the ten items not declared as belonging to the original hoard may represent part of a different Anglo-Saxon period hoard. Two of these ten items are high-quality pieces of copper alloy, but they are different in style to the gold and silver items of the original hoard. Valuation and sale Terry Herbert examining items from the Staffordshire Hoard at the in October 2009. The items have been laid out for valuation by the. On 25 November 2009 the hoard was valued by the at 3. If the sum had not been raised by 17 April 2010, the Hoard might have been sold on the open market and the unique collection permanently broken up. On 23 March 2010 it was announced that the sum had been raised three weeks before the deadline, after a grant of £1. Although the purchase price has been achieved, the Art Fund appeal is still continuing, in order to raise a further £1. Terry Herbert, the finder of the hoard, and Fred Johnson, the farmer on whose land the hoard was found, each received a half share of the £3. Display The hoard was first displayed at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from 24 September 2009 until 13 October 2009 , and subsequently part of the hoard was put on display at the from 3 November 2009 until 17 April 2010. Eighty items from the hoard, including a gold horse's head that has not previously been exhibited, went on display at the in Stoke-on-Trent from 13 February 2010 until 7 March 2010. Items from the hoard were on display at the in , United States, from 29 October 2011 to 4 March 2012. Birmingham Museum has had a permanent gallery dedicated to the hoard since 2014, and the Potteries Museum has a hoard exhibition, and there are regular loans made to historic Mercian sites and , as part of the. On 26 January 2012 the hoard was featured in the hour-long documentary Saxon Hoard: A Golden Discovery presented by TV historian. In 2016, weapon fittings from the hoard went on a national tour of the UK, Warrior Treasures: Saxon Gold from the Staffordshire Hoard, to the May—October and October 2016 — April 2017. A major research and conservation project began in 2012 to clean, investigate and research the Staffordshire Hoard objects. The first phase of the research project ran from 2012—2014 and was mainly focused on cleaning and cataloguing the objects, as well as conducting a programme of scientific analysis at the British Museum. Study of the objects was completed in 2016, and work continues on the final publication of the results, which will include an online catalogue as well as research publication. The research project has revealed many new insights into the collection, including a number of new objects and information about the manufacture of the metalwork and construction of the objects. Historic England Research News. It is assumed that the items were buried by their owners at a time of danger with the intention of later coming back and recovering them. Retrieved 24 September 2009. It is assumed that the items were buried by their owners at a time of danger with the intention of later coming back and recovering them. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2016. Archived from on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2011. Archived from on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. The Staffordshire Hoard Symposium. The Staffordshire Hoard Symposium. They let the ground keep that ancestral treasure, gold under gravel, gone to earth, as useless to men now as it ever was. The Anglo-Saxon Age: The Birth of England. Milford, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 September 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2010. Archived from PDF on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
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